Real-Time Monitoring & Adaptive Protection of Power Transformer to Enhance Smart Grid Reliability
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2019-0014Keywords:
Condition monitoring, Fault detection, Power transformers, Reliability, Smart GridAbstract
Power transformer is one of the most important pieces of equipment in the grid to reliably and efficiently transmit power to the consumers. Asset management and protection are the best concepts for prolongation of transformer lifespan as well as for the increase of grid reliability. This article presents electrical and non-electrical parameter-based power transformer monitoring and protection. Various data such as core flux, age of asset, heat generation, current harmonics and temperature are monitored in real time and processed accordingly to enhance the working capability of the transformer. The proposed scheme is successfully tested on 15 kVA laboratory transformer using Arm CORTEX-M4 processor. A Fitness Function (Ff) is estimated from the collected data to examine the working condition of the transformer. Moreover, voltage, current and power-based inrush detection as well as Adaptive Power Differential Protection (APDP) are applied to protect the transformer against fault. The hardware implementation and result validation prove the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in enhancing reliability of the distribution grid.References
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C. Lin, B. Zhang, Y. Yuan, “The Aging Diagnosis of Solid Insulation for Oil- Immersed Power Transformers and Its Remaining Life Prediction” Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, Chengdu, China, 28–31 March 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2010.5449486
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N. G. Chothani and B. R. Bhalja, “New Algorithm for current transformer saturation detection and compensation based on derivatives of secondary currents and Newton’s backward difference formulae”, IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 841–850, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0324
J. Pereira. O. Postolache, P. Girao, H. Ramos, “Minimizing Errors Due to Non-Simultaneous Sampling of Voltage and Current in Digital Power Measurement Systems”, Proc. of the 12th IMEKO TC4 Internat. Symp., Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation”, Part 1, FEEC Zagreb, Croatia, September 25–27, pp. 307–310, 2002.
S. Pai, N. Bansal, K. Desai, A. Doshi, D. Moharkar, and M. Pathare, “Intelligent PLC based transformer cooling control system,” International Conference on Nascent Technologies in Engineering (ICNTE), pp. 1–6, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNTE.2017.7947926
M. S. Ballal, G. C. Jaiswal, D. R. Tutkane, P. A. Venikar, M. K. Mishra, and H. M. Suryawanshi, “Online condition monitoring system for substation and service transformers,” IET Electr. Power Appl., vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 1187–1195, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0842
Y. Cheng, T. Hu, W. Chang, and J. Bi, “Experiments on the multi-functional current sensor for condition detection of transformer bushings,” in IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC), pp. 17–20, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.2016.7548583
IEEE Std C57.140-2017 (Revision of IEEE Std C57.140-2006), IEEE Guide for Evaluation and reconditioning of Liquid Immersed Power Transformers, 27 April 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2007.353650
K. Najdenkoski, G. Rafajlovski, V. Dimcev, “Thermal Aging of Distribution Transformers According to IEEE and IEC Standards”, Power Engineering Society General Meeting, IEEE, Tampa, FL, USA, 24–28 June 2007, pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385642
S. Ceferin, G. Janc, Z. Toro, T. Kastelic, and B. Pranikar, “Power transformer monitoring systems for better asset management,” CIRED - Open Access Proc. J., no. 1, pp. 395–399, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1049/oap-cired.2017.1262
A. E. B. Abu-Elanien, M. M. A. Salama, and M. Ibrahim, “Calculation of a Health Index for Oil-Immersed Transformers Rated Under 69 kV Using Fuzzy Logic,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 2029–2036, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2012.2205165
A. A. Hossam-Eldin, M. Refaey, and H. Ramadan, “New approach to power transformer asset management and life assessment using fuzzy logic techniques,” Nineteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), pp. 901–908, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/MEPCON.2017.8301287
N. A. Bakar and A. Abu-Siada, “Fuzzy logic approach for transformer remnant life prediction and asset management decision,” IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 3199–3208, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2016.7736886
L. Sun, Z. Ma, Y. Shang, Y. Liu, H. Yuan, and G. Wu, “Research on multi-attribute decision-making in condition evaluation for power transformer using fuzzy AHP and modified weighted averaging combination,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 10, no. 15, pp. 3855–3864, 2016.https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.0381
X. Zhang and E. Gockenbach, “Asset-Management of Transformers Based on Condition Monitoring and Standard Diagnosis”, IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 26–40, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/MEI.2008.4581371
R. D. Medina, D. X. Morales, M. A. Toledo, and J. B. Cabrera, “Power transformer risk index assessment for an asset management plan,” CHILEAN Conference on Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Information and Communication Technologies, pp. 1–7, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/CHILECON.2017.8229535
T. Takahashi and T. Okamoto, “Development of asset management support tools for oil-immersed transformer,” IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1643–1647, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2016.005574
R. J. N. de Alencar and U. H. Bezerra, “Power Transformer Differential Protection Through Gradient of the Differential Current,” J. Control. Autom. Electr. Syst., vol. 24, no. 1-2, pp. 162–173, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-013-0021-6
E. Ali, A. Helal, H. Desouki, K. Shebl, S. Abdelkader, and O. P. Malik, “Power transformer differential protection using current and voltage ratios,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 154, pp. 140–150, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.08.026
F. Namdari, S. Jamali, and P. A. Crossley, “Power differential based wide area protection,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 77, no. 12, pp. 1541–1551, 2007.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2006.10.018
A. M. I. Taalab, H. A. Darwish, and E. Ahmed, “Performance of Power Differential Relay with Adaptive Setting for Line Protection,” Power Deliv. IEEE Trans., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 50–58, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2006.877101
L. Sevov, Z. Zhang, I. Voloh, and J. Cardenas, “Differential protection for power transformers with non-standard phase shifts,” in 2011 64th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, pp. 301–309, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2011.6035631
L. Zhang, W. Cong, T. Xun, and Y. Bai, “A current differential protection criterion based on amplitude and phase difference of fault current,” in 2011 International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection, vol. 1, pp. 346–350, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/APAP.2011.6180424
S. Dambhare, S. A. Soman, and M. C. Chandorkar, “Adaptive Current Differential Protection Schemes for Transmission-Line Protection,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1832–1841, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2028801
C. Lin, B. Zhang, Y. Yuan, “The Aging Diagnosis of Solid Insulation for Oil- Immersed Power Transformers and Its Remaining Life Prediction” Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, Chengdu, China, 28–31 March 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2010.5449486
U. J. Patel,N. G. Chothani and P. J. Bhatt, “Adaptive quadrilateral distance relaying scheme for fault impedance compensation”, Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 58–70, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2018-0007
N. G. Chothani and B. R. Bhalja, “New Algorithm for current transformer saturation detection and compensation based on derivatives of secondary currents and Newton’s backward difference formulae”, IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 841–850, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0324
J. Pereira. O. Postolache, P. Girao, H. Ramos, “Minimizing Errors Due to Non-Simultaneous Sampling of Voltage and Current in Digital Power Measurement Systems”, Proc. of the 12th IMEKO TC4 Internat. Symp., Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation”, Part 1, FEEC Zagreb, Croatia, September 25–27, pp. 307–310, 2002.
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01.12.2019
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Copyright (c) 2019 Maulik Raichura et al., published by Sciendo
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Raichura, M., Chothani, N. G., & Patel, D. (2019). Real-Time Monitoring & Adaptive Protection of Power Transformer to Enhance Smart Grid Reliability. Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering, 15(2), 104-112. https://doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2019-0014
