Low-Power Agriculture IoT System with LoRa: Open Field Storage Observation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2020-0013Keywords:
Agriculture, Battery lifetime, Food storage, IoT, LoRa, Low-power applicationAbstract
The last decade has seen multiple research work on the use of LoRaWAN technology in smart agriculture. In open field storage, monitoring is crucial for increasing the logistics efficiency and improving crop quality. As battery maintenance is expensive in such areas, LoRa is a suitable technology that allows for low-power communications. Within the framework of the research, a prototype has been built for tracking goods in open field storage. The battery lifetime has been analysed through calculations and measurements using LoRa communications. Our findings indicate that although sleeping current has the smallest percentage, it has the greatest effect on increasing the battery life, for longer battery life LoRa node must have a low self-discharge battery, and finally, sensors are the main battery depleting factor on the LoRa node.References
W. Ayoub, A. E. Samhat, F. Nouvel, M. Mroue, and J.-C. Prévotet, “Internet of mobile things: Overview of lorawan, DASH7, and NB-IoT in LPWANs standards and supported mobility,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 1561–1581, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2877382
Lora-Alliance, “Why lorawan is the logical choice for asset-tracking connectivity,” White paper, April 2020.
Semtech, “Lora devices: Smart agriculture real world solutions,” White paper, 2021.
F. Javed, M. K. Afzal, M. Sharif, and B.-S. Kim, “Internet of things (IoT) operating systems support, networking technologies, applications, and challenges: A comparative review,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 2062–2100, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2817685
I. Mohanraj, K. Ashokumar, and J. Naren, “Field monitoring and automation using iot in agriculture domain,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 93, pp. 931–939, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.07.275
D. Kumar and P. Kalita, “Reducing postharvest losses during storage of grain crops to strengthen food security in developing countries,” Foods, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 8, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6010008
D. de Carvalho Lopes, J. H. Martins, A. F. Lacerda Filho, E. de Cas- tro Melo, P. M. de Barros Monteiro, and D. M. de Queiroz, “Aeration strategy for controlling grain storage based on simulation and on real data acquisition,” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 140–146, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2008.02.002
D. Grover and J. Singh, “Post-harvest losses in wheat crop in Punjab: Past and present,” Agricultural Economics Research Review, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 293–297, 2013.
M. Sharon, C. Abirami, and K. Alagusundaram, “Grain storage management in india,” Journal of Postharvest Technology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 12–24, 2014.
T. Bouguera, J.-F. Diouris, J.-J. Chaillout, and G. Andrieux, “Energy consumption modeling for communicating sensors using LoRa technology,” in 2018 IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements & Applications (CAMA), Vasteras, pp. 1–4, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/CAMA.2018.8530593
E. Kokten, B. C. Caliskan, S. Karamzadeh, and E. Gelal Soyak, “Low-Powered agriculture IoT systems with LoRa,” in 2020 IEEE Workshop on Microwave Theory and Techniques in Wireless Communications, Riga, Latvia, Sep. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/MTTW51045.2020.9244927
Y.-C. Chang, T.-W. Huang, and N.-F. Huang, “A machine learning based smart irrigation system with LoRa P2P networks,” in 2019 20th Asia- Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS). IEEE, 2019, pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.23919/APNOMS.2019.8893034
S. Gutiérrez, I. Martínez, J. Varona, M. Cardona, and R. Espinosa, “Smart mobile LoRa agriculture system based on internet of things,” in 2019 IEEE 39th Central America and Panama Convention (CONCAPAN XXXIX). IEEE, 2019, pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/CONCAPANXXXIX47272.2019.8977109
A. Grunwald, M. Schaarschmidt, and C. Westerkamp, “LoRaWAN in a rural context: Use cases and opportunities for agricultural businesses,” in Mobile Communication Technologies and Applications; 24 ITG-Symposium, VDE, 2019, pp. 1–6.
J. D. Adriano, Y. C. Mendes, G. A. Marcondes, V. Furtado, and J. J. Rodrigues, “An IoT sensor mote for precision agriculture with several mac layer protocols support,” in 2018 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC). IEEE, 2018, pp. 684–688.
W. R. Da Silva, L. Oliveira, N. Kumar, R. A. Rabêlo, C. N. Marins, and J. J. Rodrigues, “An internet of things tracking system approach based on LoRa protocol,” in 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), IEEE, 2018, pp. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOM.2018.8647984
I. Buchmann, Batteries in a Portable World: A Handbook on Rechargeable Batteries for Non-engineers. Cadex Electronics Incorporated, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=Nt2RnQAACAAJ
S. Cheng, B. Li, Z. Yuan, F. Zhang, and J. Liu, “Development of a lifetime prediction model for lithium thionyl chloride batteries based on an accelerated degradation test,” Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 65, pp. 274–279, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2016.07.152
I. Buchmann, Batteries in a portable world: a handbook on rechargeable batteries for non-engineers, 2nd ed. Cadex Electronics Inc, 2001.
R. de Fazio, D. Cafagna, G. Marcuccio, and P. Visconti, “Limitations and characterization of energy storage devices for harvesting applications,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 783, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13040783
F. Pitu and N. C. Gaitan, “Surveillance of SigFox technology integrated with environmental monitoring,” in 2020 International Conference on Development and Application Systems (DAS), IEEE, 2020, pp. 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1109/DAS49615.2020.9108957
N. Naik, “LPWAN technologies for IoT systems: choice between ultra narrow band and spread spectrum,” in 2018 IEEE International Systems Engineering Symposium (ISSE), IEEE, 2018, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/SysEng.2018.8544414
S. Jacob, “Don’t overdesign your battery for IIOT applications,” Tadiran Batteries, White paper, 2019.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Esma Kökten et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.